what farming did to the first farmers: their numbers, health, towns, power and families

Sources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.

• Çatalhöyük view 5

  Verity Cridland

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Watson Brake map

  Maximilian Dörrbecker (Chumwa); orientation map by Alexrk2

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.5

  Based on Joe W. Saunders, Rolfe D. Mandel et al., “Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana,” American Antiquity 70(4), 2005, pp. 631–668, especially p. 634.

• Watson Brake reconstruction

  Martin Pate, NPS South Eastern Archaeological Center

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

• Çatalhöyük wall painting, Konya Archaeological Museum

  Dosseman

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Nebelivka megastructure reconstruction

  C. Unwin

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  From Bisserka Gaydarska, Marco Nebbia and John Chapman, “Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30(1), 2020, pp. 97–121, doi:10.1017/S0959774319000301.

• Çatalhöyük excavations, view 09

  Murat Özsoy 1958

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Çatalhöyük excavations, view 08

  Murat Özsoy 1958

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Çatalhöyük view 7

  Verity Cridland

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Excavated walls of Jericho

  Daniel Case

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Çatalhöyük excavations, January 2020

  Kemal KOZBAEV

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Çatalhöyük hand-pattern frescoes

  Dosseman

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Building 174, Çatalhöyük — Figure 7

  Mateusz Dembowiak; published by Patrycja Filipowicz, Jędrzej Hordecki and Arkadiusz Marciniak

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photograph extracted from Figure 7; caption and page text removed.

  Filipowicz, Hordecki & Marciniak, 2025, Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 30:21–43. © The Author(s).

• Building 122 storage room, Çatalhöyük — Figure 4

  Çatalhöyük Research Project; published by Patrycja Filipowicz, Jędrzej Hordecki and Arkadiusz Marciniak

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Storage-room photograph extracted from Figure 4; caption removed.

  Filipowicz, Hordecki & Marciniak, 2025, Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 30:21–43. © The Author(s).

• Deer-hunting mural, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

  Zde

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Burials in Building 52, Çatalhöyük — Figure 6

  Scott D. Haddow; digitized building plans supplied by Camilla Mazzucato, Çatalhöyük GIS

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Building 52 phase 2 plan extracted from Figure 6; caption, page text and surrounding GIS credit line removed.

  Çatalhöyük GIS 2020. From Haddow, “Bodies in buildings: Human remains and the life histories of houses at Neolithic Çatalhöyük,” Archaeological Research in Asia 41, 100598, 2025. © 2025 The Author.

• Çatalhöyük excavation, 2006

  Dr. Colleen Morgan

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Çatalhöyük obsidian mirror

  Dosseman

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Post about the 2025 Çatalhöyük genome study, 26 June 2025

  Mehmet Somel (@MSomel)

  View original source ↗

  Screenshot of the public post.

• Tell es-Sultan, Jericho

  Diego Delso

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Çatalhöyük and its surroundings

  Omar hoftun

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Gunditjmara eel-trap channels, Budj Bim — Figure 5

  Brian J. Armstrong, Zexian Huang, Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Corporation, Bill Bell, Micko Bell, Tyson Lovett-Murray, Evelyn Nicholson, Adam Black and Martin Tomko

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  LiDAR image extracted from Figure 5; caption removed.

  Armstrong et al., Australian Archaeology 92(1):57–74, 2026. © 2026 The Author(s).

• Forest islands, Llanos de Moxos, Bolivia

  Umberto Lombardo

  View original source ↗

  Credit: Umberto Lombardo. Usage Restrictions: None.

• Maidanetske magnetic-survey plan

  Robert Hofmann et al.; Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Source plan adapted from the Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University.

  Hofmann et al., PLOS ONE 14(9):e0222243, 2019.

• Maidanetske mega-site reconstruction

  Susanne Beyer | Uni Kiel

  View original source ↗Source licence: Press material: remuneration-free provided the source is named; use only in connection with the contents of the press release.

• Talianki settlement plan — Plans A4

  Robert Hofmann, Liudmyla Shatilo, Knut Rassmann, Vitalii Rud, Stanislav Țerna, Stefan Dreibrodt, Vladyslav Chabaniuk, Wiebke Kirleis and Johannes Müller

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Talianki plan and scale bar extracted; separate P10 plan and its scale bar removed; caption excluded.

  From Ros to Prut, volume II, chapter 20, 2025; edited by Hofmann, Kirleis, Müller, Rud, Țerna and Videiko.

• Çatalhöyük excavation, 2008

  Dr. Colleen Morgan

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Trypillia occupation trends — Figure 55, panels A and B

  Johannes Müller, Robert Hofmann, Wiebke Kirleis, Liudmyla Shatilo, Frank Schlütz, Mykhailo Videiko, Vitalii Rud, Stanislav Țerna and Andreea Țerna

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Panels A and B extracted from Figure 55; caption and page padding removed.

  From Ros to Prut, volume II, chapter 19, 2025.

• House-size inequality before and after farming — Figure 1

  Tim Kerig, Enrico R. Crema, Jennifer Birch, Gary M. Feinman, Adam S. Green, Detlef Gronenborn, Dan Lawrence, Cameron A. Petrie, Paul Roscoe, Amy E. Thompson and Timothy A. Kohler

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Maps and legend extracted from Figure 1; caption and body text removed.

  Kerig et al., PNAS 122(16):e2400697122, 2025. © 2025 the Author(s).

• Çatalhöyük bull-scene mural

  Dosseman

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Model of Jericho's round tower

  Hanay

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Cropped to the tower's section face and internal stair passage; museum sign excluded.

  Model at the Moshe Stekelis Museum of Prehistory, Haifa.

• Jericho tower and excavation trench

  Daniel Case

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Landscape crop showing the tower top and excavation trench.

• Trypillia house-size inequality over time — Figure 6A

  Robert Hofmann, Nils Müller-Scheeßel and Johannes Müller

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Panel A extracted from Figure 6; other panels and caption excluded. Right margin widened to retain the 3000 tick label; the neighbouring panel's axis title in that margin blanked to white.

  Hofmann, Müller-Scheeßel & Müller, “Trypillia mega-sites: a social levelling concept?”, Antiquity, 2024.

• Gunditjmara channels and ponds, Budj Bim — Figure 6

  Brian J. Armstrong, Zexian Huang, Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Corporation, Bill Bell, Micko Bell, Tyson Lovett-Murray, Evelyn Nicholson, Adam Black and Martin Tomko

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Figure 6 LiDAR image and aerial-photo inset extracted; caption and body text excluded.

  Armstrong et al., Australian Archaeology 92(1):57–74, 2026. © 2026 The Author(s).

• Göbekli Tepe pillar with arm and fox relief

  Guérin Nicolas

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Trypillia house-size inequality over time — Figure 6A

  Robert Hofmann, Nils Müller-Scheeßel and Johannes Müller

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Panel A extracted from Figure 6; other panels and caption excluded. Right margin widened to retain the 3000 tick label; the neighbouring panel's axis title in that margin blanked to white.

  Hofmann, Müller-Scheeßel & Müller, “Trypillia mega-sites: a social levelling concept?”, Antiquity, 2024.

• Gunditjmara channels and ponds, Budj Bim — Figure 6

  Brian J. Armstrong, Zexian Huang, Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Corporation, Bill Bell, Micko Bell, Tyson Lovett-Murray, Evelyn Nicholson, Adam Black and Martin Tomko

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Figure 6 LiDAR image and aerial-photo inset extracted; caption and body text excluded.

  Armstrong et al., Australian Archaeology 92(1):57–74, 2026. © 2026 The Author(s).

• Jericho tower model, internal stair passage

  Hanay

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Cropped to the tower's section face and internal stair passage; museum sign excluded.

  Model at the Moshe Stekelis Museum of Prehistory, Haifa.

• Jericho tower and excavation trench

  Daniel Case

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Landscape crop showing the tower top and excavation trench.

• Talianki settlement plan — Plans A4

  Robert Hofmann, Liudmyla Shatilo, Knut Rassmann, Vitalii Rud, Stanislav Țerna, Stefan Dreibrodt, Vladyslav Chabaniuk, Wiebke Kirleis and Johannes Müller

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Talianki plan and scale bar extracted; separate P10 plan and its scale bar removed; caption excluded.

  From Ros to Prut, volume II, chapter 20, 2025; edited by Hofmann, Kirleis, Müller, Rud, Țerna and Videiko.

• Building 122 storage room, Çatalhöyük — Figure 4

  Çatalhöyük Research Project; published by Patrycja Filipowicz, Jędrzej Hordecki and Arkadiusz Marciniak

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Storage-room photograph extracted from Figure 4; caption removed.

  Filipowicz, Hordecki & Marciniak, 2025, Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 30:21–43. © The Author(s).

• Trypillia occupation trends — Figure 55, panels A and B

  Johannes Müller, Robert Hofmann, Wiebke Kirleis, Liudmyla Shatilo, Frank Schlütz, Mykhailo Videiko, Vitalii Rud, Stanislav Țerna and Andreea Țerna

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Panels A and B extracted from Figure 55; caption and page padding removed.

  From Ros to Prut, volume II, chapter 19, 2025.

• House-size inequality before and after farming — Figure 1

  Tim Kerig, Enrico R. Crema, Jennifer Birch, Gary M. Feinman, Adam S. Green, Detlef Gronenborn, Dan Lawrence, Cameron A. Petrie, Paul Roscoe, Amy E. Thompson and Timothy A. Kohler

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Maps and legend extracted from Figure 1; caption and body text removed.

  Kerig et al., PNAS 122(16):e2400697122, 2025. © 2025 the Author(s).

• Gunditjmara eel-trap channels, Budj Bim — Figure 5

  Brian J. Armstrong, Zexian Huang, Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Corporation, Bill Bell, Micko Bell, Tyson Lovett-Murray, Evelyn Nicholson, Adam Black and Martin Tomko

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  LiDAR image extracted from Figure 5; caption removed.

  Armstrong et al., Australian Archaeology 92(1):57–74, 2026. © 2026 The Author(s).

• Burials in Building 52, Çatalhöyük — Figure 6

  Scott D. Haddow; digitized building plans supplied by Camilla Mazzucato, Çatalhöyük GIS

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Building 52 phase 2 plan extracted from Figure 6; caption, page text and surrounding GIS credit line removed.

  Çatalhöyük GIS 2020. From Haddow, “Bodies in buildings: Human remains and the life histories of houses at Neolithic Çatalhöyük,” Archaeological Research in Asia 41, 100598, 2025. © 2025 The Author.

• Building 174, Çatalhöyük — Figure 7

  Mateusz Dembowiak; published by Patrycja Filipowicz, Jędrzej Hordecki and Arkadiusz Marciniak

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photograph extracted from Figure 7; caption and page text removed.

  Filipowicz, Hordecki & Marciniak, 2025, Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 30:21–43. © The Author(s).

• Eneolithic vessel of Trypillia culture

  Archaїc; National Museum of History of Ukraine; CyArk; Scientific Research Lab “Archaic”

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  3D model presented as a turntable video; excerpt.

  The model was digitized in the course of the project “Preserving Ukrainian Legacy,” supported by the US Embassy in Ukraine (Kyiv) and the Ambassador’s Fund for Cultural Preservation. It is a joint ownership of National Museum of History of Ukraine, non-profit organization “CyArk” and NGO “Scientific Research Lab “Archaic”.

• Eneolithic binocular vessel of Trypillia culture

  Archaїc; National Museum of History of Ukraine; CyArk; Scientific Research Lab “Archaic”

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  3D model presented as a turntable video; excerpt.

  The model was digitized in the course of the project “Preserving Ukrainian Legacy,” supported by the US Embassy in Ukraine (Kyiv) and the Ambassador’s Fund for Cultural Preservation. It is a joint ownership of National Museum of History of Ukraine, non-profit organization “CyArk” and NGO “Scientific Research Lab “Archaic”.

• Natural Earth 1:50m lakes

  Natural Earth contributors

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected lake polygons rendered in animated maps.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• Natural Earth 1:50m land

  Natural Earth contributors

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Land polygons rendered in animated regional and world maps.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• Natural Earth 1:50m rivers and lake centerlines

  Natural Earth contributors

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected river centerlines rendered in animated maps.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• Earth normal-map texture

  Solar System Scope

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Texture converted to soft land hill shading in animated world maps.

  Textures by Solar System Scope (solarsystemscope.com), CC BY 4.0.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–44°N and 23–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–44°N and 23–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–44°N and 23–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — Anatolia and Aegean elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–49°N and 11–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southern Levant elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every fourth cell, 29–35°N and 32.5–38.5°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–44°N and 23–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southern Levant elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every fourth cell, 29–35°N and 32.5–38.5°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–44°N and 23–59°E; converted to map hill shading.

• GEBCO 2021 Grid — southwest Asia to eastern Europe elevation subset

  GEBCO Compilation Group (2021)

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain (GEBCO Grid terms of use)

  Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP; every twelfth cell, 26–56°N and 10–60°E; converted to map hill shading.

• NGRIP δ18O on the GICC05 chronology, 20-year resolution

  NGRIP dating group (2008); Ice and Climate group, Niels Bohr Institute

  View original source ↗

  Selected values plotted in an original climate chart; temperature-axis positions calibrated using Kindler et al. (2014).

  NGRIP dating group (2008), NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 2008-034; Andersen et al. (2006), Rasmussen et al. (2006), Svensson et al. (2006/2008). Accessed 26 October 2026. NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!!

• NGRIP δ18O on the GICC05 chronology, 20-year resolution

  NGRIP dating group (2008); Ice and Climate group, Niels Bohr Institute

  View original source ↗

  Climate-series data inherited through the earlier chart continuation.

  NGRIP dating group (2008), NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 2008-034; Andersen et al. (2006), Rasmussen et al. (2006), Svensson et al. (2006/2008). Accessed 26 October 2026. NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!!

• NGRIP temperature reconstruction, 10–120 kyr b2k

  P. Kindler, M. Guillevic, M. Baumgartner, J. Schwander, A. Landais and M. Leuenberger

  View original source ↗

  Used to calibrate estimated-temperature axis ticks against NGRIP δ18O over 10–30 ka b2k; the Holocene ticks slightly extrapolate that fit. These temperature values are not the plotted line.

  Kindler et al. (2014), “Temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k from the NGRIP ice core,” Climate of the Past 10:887–902, doi:10.5194/cp-10-887-2014. Data: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology, NGRIP2014temp. Accessed 30 October 2026. NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data.

Licensed stock footage used in this film, with each item’s creator and source page.

• Aerial View Inside Çatalhöyük Archeological Dig Site

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Aerial View of Archeological Dig Site

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Aerial view of Jericho Governorate, Palestine.

  AmazingAerial

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Jordan Valley

  ashrafdowani

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Tumbling Pieces of Dark Obsidian Rock

  revleha

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Archeological Excavation of Skeletons at Dig Site

  Duksi

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Archeologist Carefully Excavating Ancient Human Skeleton from Ground

  Duksi

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Open Field With Distant Snowy Mountains

  goncastock

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Frosted Grasses in a Cold Winter Landscape

  Stockagent_io

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Lush Green Lentil Crop Growing in a Sunny Agricultural Field

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Landscapes of Volcanic Origin in Cappadocia Turkey

  Fotostock88

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Goats graze across rocky plateaus in Taurus Antalya Turkey as livestock roam highlands

  Pro-Stock

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Aerial View of Reeds in a Rural Wetland

  AslinShen

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Herd of Sheep in Arid Steppe in Kalmykia Russia

  FootageLab

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Southern Bug River, Ukraine Landscapes From Aerial View

  vidima

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Aerial View of a Dry Lake Bed with Mountains

  mkstock

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Cracked Dry Earth with Sparse Green Grass

  egemen

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Flock of Sheep Huddle in Wooden Enclosure

  Kokhanchikov

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Dog Sits Guarding Sheep and Goats in Pasture

  RoStVision

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Cassava Plants Growing in Tropical Rural Farmland

  Elzio_Studio

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Aerial View of Louisiana's Lush Swamplands with Dense Green Trees and Marshlands Under a Partly

  21aerials

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Group of Mouflons Running Toward Camera in Slow Motion in Sierra de Cazorla Spain

  worledit

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Eel Swimming Underwater in Stream Close Up

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Salmon Jumping Upstream in a Rushing River at Sunset

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Lush forest and rugged coastline in Tofino in Canada with mountains in distance

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Forested Coastline of Lake Baikal

  Pro-Stock

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Ice Ridges on Lake Baikal

  Kokhanchikov

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Golden Wheat Field Swaying Gently in Wind

  UltraHDenis_new

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Close Up of Young Green Barley Heads Swaying in the Wind

  DmyAnd

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Women's Rowing Team on a Calm Lake

  Wavebreakmedia

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Drone rotates around rock formation in desert landscape Cederberg Wilderness Area in South Africa -

  BlackBoxGuild

  View on Envato Elements ↗

• Sheep and Goats Grazing Peacefully in Green Pasture

  sherbakvolodymir

  View on Envato Elements ↗

Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

1. Science ↗
2. Current Anthropology paper ↗
3. PNAS ↗
4. JAMT ↗
5. QSR ↗
6. HYDE 3.2 ↗
7. dataset ↗
8. the verified mirror ↗
9. JAA ↗
10. FPP ↗
11. ARA ↗
12. PNAS ↗
13. Antiquity ↗
14. Science Advances ↗
15. NHB ↗
16. EHB ↗
17. Current Anthropology ↗
18. AJBA ↗
19. PLOS ONE ↗
20. World Archaeology ↗
21. PNAS ↗
22. PNAS ↗
23. JAMT ↗
24. Science ↗
25. Current Biology ↗
26. Nature ↗
27. Time and Mind ↗
28. CA ↗
29. PNAS ↗
30. critique ↗
31. reply ↗
32. Antiquity ↗
33. JAMT ↗
34. Antiquity ↗
35. From Ros to Prut II ↗
36. PNAS ↗
37. PLOS ONE ↗
38. Nature ↗
39. Science ↗
40. JAS ↗
41. Australian Archaeology ↗
42. American Antiquity ↗
43. PLOS ONE ↗
44. Nature ↗
45. Nature ↗
46. Nature Communications ↗
47. 2015 ↗
48. 2004 ↗
49. 2009 ↗
50. 2006 ↗
51. author abstract ↗
52. 2011 ↗
53. 2014 ↗
54. 2021 ↗
55. 2023 ↗
56. Bonn coauthor explanation ↗
57. British Museum ↗
58. Baysal ↗
59. Vigne 2004 ↗
60. PNAS ↗
61. Murat Özsoy 1958 site view ↗
62. Verity Cridland horns ↗
63. Dosseman museum fragment ↗
64. accepted manuscript ↗
65. Reinhard Dietrich tower ↗
66. Colleen Morgan conservation ↗
67. Nevit Dilmen seated woman ↗
68. APK Jericho skull ↗
69. Susanne Beyer house ↗
70. C. Unwin Nebelivka megastructure ↗
71. Chumwa Watson Brake map ↗
72. Martin Pate/NPS impression ↗
73. Mehmet Somel ↗
74. M. Sıddık Kılıç ↗
75. Çatalhöyük ↗
76. Trypillia ↗
77. agriculture question ↗
78. 6000 BCE Greece/Balkans ↗
79. first-city reconstruction ↗
80. agriculture argument ↗
81. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Çatalhöyük_2008_DSC_0043_(2721593067).jpg ↗
82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.01.004 ↗
83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01256568 ↗
84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226341801_The_origins_of_agriculture_Population_growth_during_a_period_of_declining_health ↗
85. https://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive_reports/2004/ar04_04.html ↗
86. https://www.karar.com/kultur-sanat-haberleri/catalhoyuk-kazilarinda-8-bebek-iskeleti-ortaya-cikarildi-2068531 ↗
87. https://www.worldneolithiccongress.org/assets/files/WNC2024-E-Abstracts%20Book.pdf ↗
88. https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/fpp/article/view/47588 ↗
89. https://www.makarewiczlab.org/publications/ ↗
90. https://doi.org/10.1086/342429 ↗
91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104848 ↗
92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105436 ↗
93. https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/person.jsf?pid=authority-person%3A30235 ↗
94. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3486 ↗
95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35920-z ↗
96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54474-w ↗
97. https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1252484/parasite-infection-at-the-early-farming-community-of-catalhoyuk ↗
98. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21031 ↗
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Music

• Original score
  AgentHouse · Project-made score (From Cosmos to Civilization score catalog v4 with bespoke opening and closing)
  Impulse responses: Detmold University of Music SRIR database, CC BY 4.0.