Episode 9.3 · 18 min
how farming and village life began in what is now China, from millet and rice to the first villages
How did farming and village life begin in what is now China—not in one place or moment, but through several regional experiments? This episode follows the slow domestication of millet in the north and rice in the south, then visits Jiahu, where people combined cultivation with hunting, fishing, pigs, pottery, brewing, burial traditions, and crane-bone music as increasingly connected village worlds took shape.
Watch this film on YouTube ↗Visual credits
63 sourcesSources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.
Reconstructed communal house at Sannai-Maruyama
Perezoso
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Dugout canoe from Kuahuqiao
Cat's diary (猫猫的日记本)
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Sannai-Maruyama archaeological site
663highland
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.5Resized for video.
Banpo basin with human-face and fish designs
Gary Lee Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Jiahu tortoise shell with an engraved sign
Cangminzho
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Jiahu bone flute
ASHillocks
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Hongshan jade dragon
Gary Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Hongshan jade pig-dragon
Gary Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Bone arrowheads from Jiahu
Baomi
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Bone flute in the Henan Museum
Yumeto
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized; also shown as a landscape crop.
Bone flute from Jiahu
Windmemories
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Xianrendong pottery sherds in the Shanghai Museum
向史公哲曰
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Peiligang-culture objects from Jiahu
Furius
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Shangshan-culture basin, cup and grinder from Xialang
Furius
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Jade plaque
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, The Vincent Astor Foundation Gift, 2009.
Ceremonial disk-axe (yue)
The Cleveland Museum of Art
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Edward L. Whittemore Fund.
Jiahu bone flute, vertical view
Cangminzho
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Peiligang-culture pots from Jiahu
Furius
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Shangshan archaeological site
LukeLOU
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Jar with Spiral Designs
The Cleveland Museum of Art
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Donna S. and James S. Reid Jr. in honor of Dr. Ju-hsi Chou.
Millet grain-width change over time
Chris J. Stevens; Yijie Zhuang; Dorian Q. Fuller
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0Bottom chart panel cropped from the published figure and resized.
From Millets, dogs, pigs and permanent settlement: productivity transitions in Neolithic northern China (2024).
Xinglongwa jade jue
Furius
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Tortoise shell and stones from Jiahu
Furius
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Tortoise shell with carved signs
Windmemories
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Tianluoshan rice spikelet bases, Figure 3D–E
Dorian Q. Fuller; Ling Qin; Yunfei Zheng; Zhijun Zhao; Xugao Chen; Leo Aoi Hosoya; Guo-Ping Sun
View original source ↗Source licence: All rights reserved (Science/AAAS)Only Figure 3 panels D and E are shown; cropped, resized and annotated with animated highlights.
Fuller et al. (2009), The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze, Science 323, 1607–1610.
Xianrendong cave entrance
Zhangzhugang
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Landscape crop of the cave entrance; resized for video.
Tianluoshan archaeological site
Siyuwj
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Zhejiang Provincial Museum display
Zhangzhugang
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Yuchanyan pot, Hunan Museum
Gary Lee Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Ancient wall at Chengtoushan
Sparktour
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Jade dragon from Lingjiatan
Siyuwj
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Lingjiatan jade statuettes
Sandrine Larrivé-Bass; Gary Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Previously extracted from another image; resized for video.
Green foxtail grass in China
Dinkun Chen
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Middle Jōmon jar from Niigata
Daderot
View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0Resized for video.
Hakone Museum of Art.
Sannai-Maruyama archaeological site
z tanuki
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 3.0Resized for video.
Loess Plateau
黄河山曲
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized as a map inset; also shown as a landscape crop.
Water-caltrop fruit at Yokotake, Kanzaki
Peka
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Resized for video.
Reeves's turtle
Σ64
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 3.0Resized for video.
Sawtooth-oak acorns
Liné1
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Jiahu bone flute M282:20, detail from Figure 1
Zhang Juzhong; Garman Harbottle; Wang Changsui; Kong Zhaochen
View original source ↗Source licence: All rights reserved (Macmillan Magazines Ltd, 1999)Single flute cropped from the six-flute photograph; resized, slowly enlarged and annotated with a ring around the small extra hole.
Zhang, Harbottle, Wang and Kong, Nature 401, 366–368 (1999), Figure 1. © 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
Jiahu bone flute M282:20
Zhang Juzhong; Garman Harbottle; Wang Changsui; Kong Zhaochen
View original source ↗Source licence: All rights reserved (Macmillan Magazines Ltd, 1999)Single flute cropped from Figure 1; resized, slowly enlarged and annotated with a ring around the small extra hole.
Zhang, Harbottle, Wang and Kong, Nature 401, 366–368 (1999), Figure 1. © 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
Tianluoshan rice spikelet bases, Figure 3D–E
Dorian Q. Fuller; Ling Qin; Yunfei Zheng; Zhijun Zhao; Xugao Chen; Leo Aoi Hosoya; Guo-Ping Sun
View original source ↗Source licence: All rights reserved (Science/AAAS)Panels D and E cropped from Figure 3; resized and annotated with animated highlights.
Fuller et al. (2009), The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze, Science 323, 1607–1610.
Millet grain-width change over time
Chris J. Stevens; Yijie Zhuang; Dorian Q. Fuller
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0Bottom chart panel cropped from the published figure and resized.
From Millets, dogs, pigs and permanent settlement: productivity transitions in Neolithic northern China (2024).
Bone flute in the Henan Museum
Yumeto
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Landscape crop of the flute and its display stand; resized for video.
Xianrendong cave entrance
Zhangzhugang
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Landscape crop of the cave entrance; resized for video.
Eroded loess slopes
黄河山曲
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Landscape crop of the loess cliff and slopes; resized for video.
Swan-bone flute from Geissenklösterle
Thilo Parg
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0Resized for video.
Thilo Parg / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Xinglongwa, Banpo and Hemudu pottery
Siyuwj; Sgnpkd; Gary Lee Todd
View original source ↗Source licence: Xinglongwa and Banpo photographs: CC BY-SA 4.0; Hemudu photograph: CC0 1.0Pottery photographs cropped, resized and assembled into a labelled three-panel comparison.
Xinglongwa pottery: Siyuwj / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Banpo amphora: Sgnpkd / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banpo_amphora.jpg. Hemudu pottery: Gary Lee Todd / Wikimedia Commons, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neolithic_Hemudu_Culture_Pottery_01.jpg; https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.
Broomcorn millet
Ephramac
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Photograph cropped, resized and placed on a black comparison board with a label.
Broomcorn and foxtail millet
Ephramac; Roger Culos
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0Both photographs cropped, resized and assembled into a labelled comparison.
Broomcorn millet: Ephramac / Wikimedia Commons. Foxtail millet: Roger Culos / Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Setaria_italica_MHNT.BOT.2015.34.19.jpg. Both photographs CC BY-SA 4.0.
Jōmon pedestal pot, 3D scan
松戸市立博物館【公式】Matsudo Museum
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.03D model rendered as a turntable animation by AgentHouse; excerpted for video.
台付深鉢形土器 pedestal pot, Matsudo Museum on Sketchfab. The rendered adaptation retains CC BY-SA 4.0.
Tianluoshan rice: changing share of non-shattering spikelet bases
Dorian Q. Fuller; Ling Qin; Yunfei Zheng; Zhijun Zhao; Xugao Chen; Leo Aoi Hosoya; Guo-Ping Sun
Original AgentHouse chart drawn from the published 27% and 39% values; no source figure reproduced.
Data: Fuller et al. (2009), Science 323, 1607–1610, supporting material, Figure S2.
Natural Earth lakes, 1:50 million
Natural Earth contributors
View original source ↗Source licence: Public domainSelected lake geometry projected and styled for animated maps.
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Natural Earth land, 1:50 million
Natural Earth contributors
View original source ↗Source licence: Public domainLand geometry projected and styled for animated maps.
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Natural Earth rivers and lake centerlines, 1:50 million
Natural Earth contributors
View original source ↗Source licence: Public domainSelected river geometry projected and styled for the world-map animation.
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Earth normal map
Solar System Scope
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0Reprojected and used to create soft land hill shading in an animated world map.
Textures by Solar System Scope (solarsystemscope.com), CC BY 4.0.
GEBCO 2021 Grid: East Asia terrain subset
GEBCO Compilation Group
Subset through Ifremer ERDDAP at every sixteenth grid cell; projected and shaded for the East Asia map.
GEBCO Compilation Group (2021), GEBCO 2021 Grid. Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP. The GEBCO Grid should NOT be used for navigation or for any other purpose involving safety at sea.
GEBCO 2021 Grid: Eurasia terrain subset
GEBCO Compilation Group
Subset through Ifremer ERDDAP at every sixteenth grid cell; projected and shaded for the Eurasia map.
GEBCO Compilation Group (2021), GEBCO 2021 Grid. Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP.
GEBCO 2021 Grid: East Asia terrain subset
GEBCO Compilation Group
Subset through Ifremer ERDDAP at every sixteenth grid cell; projected and shaded for the accumulating East Asia map.
GEBCO Compilation Group (2021), GEBCO 2021 Grid. Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP.
Natural Earth lakes, 1:10 million
Natural Earth contributors
View original source ↗Source licence: Public domainSelected lake outlines projected and styled for the East Asia map.
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Natural Earth rivers and lake centerlines, 1:10 million
Natural Earth contributors
View original source ↗Source licence: Public domainSelected river geometry projected and styled; Huai segments combined and the lower Yangtze estuary extended with hand-placed points.
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
GEBCO 2021 Grid: Southeast Asia terrain extension
GEBCO Compilation Group
Southern strip subset through Ifremer ERDDAP at every sixteenth grid cell; joined to the East Asia subset and shaded for wider map views.
GEBCO Compilation Group (2021), GEBCO 2021 Grid. Subset via Ifremer ERDDAP.
Central Plain mortuary inequality data, Data S1
Dongdong Li; Suwei Guo; Xingcan Chen
View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-NC 4.0Data S1's 44 analytical units redrawn as an original chart; Gaussian smoothing with a 500-year bandwidth; Jiahu units highlighted. Data S2 is not plotted.
Li, Guo and Chen (2026), How inequality became durable before states: Evidence from 6000 years in the Central Plain of China, Science Advances 12, eady6737. © 2026 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Stock footage
27 itemsLicensed stock footage used in this film, with each item’s creator and source page.
Majestic Cranes Flying Over Snowy Winter Landscape
feng570423
Close-up of Rice Ears in a Rural Field
PoR888
Japanese Cranes Hokkaido Japan
forrestbro
Hands Inspecting Green Millet Crop in Sunlight
DedovStock
Close Up of Yellow Millet Grain
cliplab_pro
Hawthorn Branch with Ripe Red Berries Close Up
vasylyev_ivan
Wild Pigs Foraging in Wooded Environment
UglyduckBG
Spiky Chestnuts in the Woods in Autumn
francescosgura
Shanghai Water Deer lying and resting in the afternoon
BlackBoxGuild
Chestnut Husk on Tree Branch in Autumn
LS_Studio
Aerial Photography Of The Loess Plateau In Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China
17635106560
School of Carp Swimming underwater in golden light
BlackBoxGuild
Lotus Pond with Green Leaves and Pink Flowers
leungchopan
Close Up of a Green Lotus Seed Pod
PoR888
Marsh Reeds Reflected in Calm Water on Foggy Day
Kokhanchikov
Black Clay Pot Cooking with Smoke and Flames
BlackBoxGuild
Elevated view of sunset over limestone karst mountain peaks in Guilin China
BlackBoxGuild
Trees and shrubs in a mountain karst in Guilin China
BlackBoxGuild
Natural Cave Entrance Surrounded by Foliage
BlackBoxGuild
Turtles sunning on log near pond
StockSeller
Wild Boar Family Foraging in Natural Habitat
makproduction
Field of Green Grass Blowing in the Wind
HeroImages
Marshy Wetland with Green Grass and Water
StockVideoEU
Gentle Rain Falling on Pond with Lily Pads
Kokhanchikov
Scenic desert landscape in Sahara of Mauritania during sunrise
Reinis-Kaspars
Golden Hour Grass Seed Heads Swaying Gently in the Wind
BlackBoxGuild
Bees Working on Honeycomb Close Up
imatco
Research references
Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.
- Cohen 2011 ↗
- Liu and Chen 2012, *The Archaeology of China* ↗
- Chang, chapter 5, publisher's edition ↗
- Stevens, Zhuang and Fuller 2024 ↗
- Zhuang and Fuller 2024 ↗
- *Soil temperature fluctuations modulated millet agriculture evolution in Neolithic East Asia* ↗
- Yang et al. 2018 ↗
- Lu et al. 2009 ↗
- Zhao 2011 ↗
- Barton et al. 2009 ↗
- Han et al. 2025 ↗
- Cucchi et al. 2011 ↗
- Lemoine et al. 2026 ↗
- Zhang et al. 2024 ↗
- An et al. 2024 ↗
- Ma et al. 2026 ↗
- Fuller et al. 2009 ↗
- Zhuang et al. 2025, QSR 356:109293 ↗
- Zhang et al. 1999 ↗
- Zhang, Xiao and Lee 2004 ↗
- Henan Museum account ↗
- Zhang and Hung 2013 ↗
- Deng et al. 2015 ↗
- Yang et al. 2005 ↗
- McGovern et al. 2004 ↗
- Liu, He, Li, Zhang and Luo 2026 ↗
- Li et al. 2003 ↗
- Demattè 2024, author-hosted chapter ↗
- Smith and Lee 2008 ↗
- Henan/dahe.cn Jiahu 2025 ↗
- Luohe Daily's 2026 field/press-event report ↗
- Xinhua's quoted researchers ↗
- Tan et al. 2025 ↗
- Zhang and Cui 2013 ↗
- Wu et al. 2012 ↗
- Boaretto et al. 2009 ↗
- Craig et al. 2013 ↗
- Shoda et al. 2020 ↗
- Cultural-heritage site account ↗
- UNESCO tentative-list documentation ↗
- Niuheliang 2026 CCTV report via Liaoning ↗
- Yang et al. 2026 ↗
- Zhang et al. 2026, Current Biology ↗
- Yang et al. 2020, Science ↗
- Xiong et al. 2025, Cell Genomics ↗
- Wang et al. 2025, Nature ↗
- Yang et al. 2025 ↗
- official World Heritage component page ↗
- Sanmaru Search, structure 26 ↗
- Crawford 2011 ↗
- Takahashi et al. 2023 ↗
- Lu et al. 2025 ↗
- *How inequality became durable before states: Evidence from 6000 years in the Central Plain of China* ↗
- Leipe et al. 2019 ↗
- Lipson et al. 2018 ↗
- McColl et al. 2018 ↗
- Peters et al. 2022 ↗
- Gong et al. 2016 ↗
- Li et al. 2025 ↗
- CPCP's current FAQ ↗
- Chengdu Museum Jiahu exhibition ↗
- Pexels 29982167 ↗
- Pexels 28583161 ↗
- The Problem of Typology in Chinese Archaeology ↗
- Author-institution record and licence ↗
- https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/cultural-responses-to-the-82-ka-climatic-event-in-north-china-ins/): ↗
- Yang et al. 2012 ↗
- Stevens et al. 2021 ↗
- Liu and Reid et al. 2020 ↗
- Seth Newsome's PDF ↗
- PMC2667055 ↗
- Dong et al. 2026 ↗
- Chen et al. 2026, PNAS ↗
- publisher abstract ↗
- Zong et al. 2007 ↗
- Zhang et al., Plant and Soil ↗
- Morphological Characteristics and Significance of Bulliform Phytoliths in Haploid Rice ↗
- Jiang and Liu 2006 ↗
- Wang et al. 2021 ↗
- Sun et al. ↗
- Liu et al. 2024 ↗
- UCL PDF ↗
- 2013 campaign report, published 2019 ↗
- Nakajima et al. 2019 ↗
- Brookhaven 24 September 1999 bulletin ↗
- Conard et al. 2009 ↗
- Fan et al. 2024/2025 ↗
- Jiahu facial approximation, Henan/China Daily ↗
- Official component-site record ↗
- Peking University repository record ↗
- Nishiuchi et al. 2026 ↗
- Primary full text ↗
- *Organic residues revealed food choices and culinary traditions during the development of agriculture (9000–5000 BP) along the upper Huai River, China* ↗
- Nilhamn 2023 ↗
- Roosevelt et al. 1991 ↗
- https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218643): ↗
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900539106): ↗
- architectural synthesis ↗
- National Museum exhibition reporting ↗
- Yasuda et al. 2004 ↗
- Palace Museum exhibition ↗
- Shan 2026 ↗
- UNESCO's 2025 article ↗
- 7 August Xinhua field reporting ↗
- Ning et al. 2020 ↗
- Wang et al. 2021 ↗
- Wang et al. 2025, MBE ↗
- primary data-project record ↗
- *Family-based community organization in Neolithic Northern China from 8,800 to 7,500 years ago* ↗
- Habu's demographic discussion ↗
- Site interpretation ↗
- 2025 official leaflet ↗
- Kitagawa and Yasuda 2004 ↗
- Noshiro and Sasaki 2014 ↗
- Yamamoto et al. 2024 ↗
- Yoshida et al. 2026 ↗
- Author institution ↗
- Watanabe et al. 2026 ↗
- Ishiya et al. 2026 ↗
- SOKENDAI's primary announcement ↗
- Nakao et al. 2016 ↗
- correction ↗
- Sannai-Maruyama archive ↗
- its terms/about record ↗
- Zhang et al. 2021 pig study ↗
- regional excavation/environmental discussion ↗
- Anhui field account ↗
- Lingjiatan museum opening ↗
- Sergusheva et al. primary archaeobotanical/dating paper ↗
- Higham et al. 2015 ↗
- UNESCO ↗
- https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3628): ↗
- Shangshan park, Zhejiang government ↗
- TNM J-38392 ↗
- J-21429 ↗
- Nesnad, Tokyo Sea Life Park video ↗
- Taiwan agricultural knowledge portal ↗
- 2024 manuring experiment ↗
- File:SannaiCommun.jpg ↗
- CC BY-SA 3.0 ↗
- File:Sannai Maruyama Site Map.jpg ↗
- CC BY-SA 3.0 ↗
- File:Wannian Xianrendong yizhi 8789.jpg ↗
- File:YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCEShaanxi.jpg ↗
- CC BY-SA 4.0 ↗
- File:Dugout Canoe Excavated at Kuahuqiao Site of Hangzhou 02 2014-07.JPG ↗
- File:Kuahuqiao Site(Canoe).JPG ↗
- File:National Museum of China 2014.02.01 14-43-38.jpg ↗
- File:Neolithic pottery pregnant woman, Hongshan Culture, Liaoning, 1982.JPG ↗
- File:140913 Sannai-Maruyama site Aomori Japan01bs6bs6.jpg ↗
- CC BY 2.5 ↗
- File:Banpo basin with human face and fish designs.JPG ↗
- File:Hemudu Site Museum, 2017-08-12 10.jpg ↗
- File:Yangshao cordmarked Amphora, Banpo Phase.Museum für Asiatische Kunst.jpg ↗
- File:Hemudu Site Museum, 2017-08-12 92.jpg ↗
- File:Toitoise shell engraved symbol (Jiahu).jpg ↗
- File:Jiahu Bone Flute.jpg ↗
- File:Hongshan Jade Dragon 2.jpg ↗
- CC0 ↗
- File:Peiligang Culture Red Pottery Pot, Xinzheng.jpg ↗
- File:Xianrendong Cave Pottery - 2.jpg ↗
- File:Peiligang Culture Red Pottery Jar, Xinzheng.jpg ↗
- File:Hongshan Jade Pig-dragon.jpg ↗
- File:Platform 2 of Niuheliang Railway Station (20220824110839).jpg ↗
- File:Tortoise shell engraved symbol (Jiahu; cropped).jpg ↗
- File:20250527 Bone flute in the Henan Museum.jpg ↗
- File:上博藏仙人洞遗址出土陶片.jpg ↗
- File:Basin, Pottery cup & Grinder, Neolithic, Shangshan Culture (9000-6800 BC), Xialang site, Xianju, Zhejiang.jpg ↗
- File:Pottery thing, Shangshan Culture (9000-6800 BC), Zhejiang.jpg ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuahuqiao_Site(Canoe).JPG ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toitoise_shell_engraved_symbol_(Jiahu).jpg ↗
- http://fotos.noticias.bol.uol.com.br/entretenimento/ ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platform_2_of_Niuheliang_Railway_Station_(20220824110839).jpg ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tortoise_shell_engraved_symbol_(Jiahu;_cropped).jpg ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basin,_Pottery_cup_%26_Grinder,_Neolithic,_Shangshan_Culture_(9000-6800_BC),_Xialang_site,_Xianju,_Zhejiang.jpg ↗
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pottery_thing,_Shangshan_Culture_(9000-6800_BC),_Zhejiang.jpg ↗
Music
- Original score
AgentHouse · Project-made score (From Cosmos to Civilization score catalog v4 with bespoke opening and closing)
Impulse responses: Detmold University of Music SRIR database, CC BY 4.0.
Footage and image usage
Credits and usage times retained from the published edition or its production credit record. Where present, times identify visual appearances, not documentary chapters. Source and licence corrections are listed in the visual credits above.
- 17635106560 — 0:48-0:50
- 663highland — 14:56-15:02
- ASHillocks — 9:06-9:08
- Baomi — 7:53-7:56
- BlackBoxGuild — 0:27-0:29, 1:22-1:30, 1:30-1:38, 1:38-1:40, 2:05-2:09, 2:09-2:17, 4:50-4:54
- Cangminzho — 0:44-0:48, 10:32-10:37
- Cat's diary (猫猫的日记本) — 12:35-12:38
- Chris J. Stevens; Yijie Zhuang; Dorian Q. Fuller — 6:29-6:35
- cliplab_pro — 6:35-6:39
- Daderot — 14:26-14:31
- DedovStock — 4:40-4:44
- Dinkun Chen — 3:30-3:33
- Dongdong Li; Suwei Guo; Xingcan Chen — 16:31-16:40
- Dorian Q. Fuller; Ling Qin; Yunfei Zheng; Zhijun Zhao; Xugao Chen; Leo Aoi Hosoya; Guo-Ping Sun — 5:45-5:49, 5:28-5:34
- Ephramac — 4:29-4:34
- Ephramac; Roger Culos — 4:34-4:40
- feng570423 — 0:36-0:41
- forrestbro — 8:53-9:06
- francescosgura — 14:38-14:41
- Furius — 3:50-3:51, 9:55-10:02, 10:25-10:28, 10:28-10:32, 11:59-12:02
- Gary Lee Todd — 1:55-1:57, 12:19-12:27
- Gary Todd — 12:55-12:57, 12:57-12:59
- GEBCO Compilation Group — 1:57-2:05, 2:20-2:37, 2:56-3:17, 5:57-6:03, 7:01-7:13, 11:38-11:43, 11:43-11:53, 11:53-11:55, 12:02-12:07, 12:27-12:29, 12:38-12:42, 12:47-12:53, 13:07-13:15, 13:30-13:38, 13:38-14:13, 14:13-14:21, 14:41-14:49, 15:34-15:43, 16:47-16:50, 16:50-17:07, 16:51-17:07, 17:07-17:20, 17:07-17:09, 17:45-17:59
- HeroImages — 3:27-3:30
- imatco — 10:02-10:04
- Kokhanchikov — 2:37-2:51, 2:51-2:56
- leungchopan — 7:45-7:47
- Liné1 — 7:43-7:45
- LS_Studio — 14:31-14:35
- LukeLOU — 3:37-3:45
- makproduction — 8:14-8:17
- Natural Earth contributors — 1:57-2:05, 2:20-2:37, 2:56-3:17, 3:10-3:17, 2:59-3:17, 5:57-6:03, 7:01-7:13, 8:17-8:37, 11:38-11:43, 11:43-11:53, 11:53-11:55, 12:02-12:07, 12:27-12:29, 12:38-12:42, 12:47-12:53, 13:07-13:15, 13:30-13:38, 13:38-14:13, 14:13-14:21, 14:41-14:49, 15:34-15:43, 16:47-16:50, 16:50-17:07, 17:07-17:20, 17:45-17:59, 17:45-17:58
- Peka — 0:29-0:30
- Perezoso — 15:02-15:10
- PoR888 — 5:21-5:28, 7:47-7:49
- Reinis-Kaspars — 18:32-18:36
- Sandrine Larrivé-Bass; Gary Todd — 16:19-16:21
- Siyuwj — 5:37-5:45, 16:12-16:19
- Siyuwj; Sgnpkd; Gary Lee Todd — 12:59-13:07
- Solar System Scope — 8:17-8:37
- Sparktour — 12:44-12:47
- StockSeller — 7:49-7:51
- StockVideoEU — 6:03-6:15
- The Cleveland Museum of Art — 13:22-13:26, 16:44-16:47
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art — 13:26-13:30
- Thilo Parg — 9:48-9:55
- UglyduckBG — 0:30-0:32
- vasylyev_ivan — 10:04-10:09
- Windmemories — 0:41-0:44, 9:14-9:22, 10:37-10:51
- Yumeto — 9:08-9:10, 9:28-9:37
- z tanuki — 14:49-14:56
- Zhang Juzhong; Garman Harbottle; Wang Changsui; Kong Zhaochen — 9:22-9:28
- Zhangzhugang — 1:40-1:44, 5:49-5:57
- Σ64 — 10:20-10:25
- 向史公哲曰 — 1:49-1:55
- 松戸市立博物館【公式】Matsudo Museum — 14:23-14:26
- 黄河山曲 — 6:39-6:48, 3:01-3:04
How this film was made
Created and editorially directed by Anders Lunde using a custom production system developed over six months. AI assists research, drafting, programming, and visual production; I review and edit the material and make the final editorial decisions. Narration uses text-to-speech. Visuals combine custom-built scientific animations, AI-generated reconstructions, and credited scientific imagery.
Generated reconstructions illustrate scientific interpretations. They are distinct from photographs, specimens, and measured data.
More about the creator and production →