The Genetic Code

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• 50S-subunit of the ribosome 3CC2

  Yikrazuul

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• Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - NobelPrize.org viewport screenshot

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• Calcium (Carbonate) Precipitation By Ureolytic Bacteria under Phase Contrast Microscope

  Soumyajits42

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• Oak tree Sunol Regional Wilderness California 2023 dllu

  Daniel Lu ( User:dllu )

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• Diatom of La Tembladera wetland

  Priscila Jackeline Arias Ordóñez

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• Humans Hand

  Jkkklll m

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• TRNA-Phe yeast 1ehz

  Yikrazuul

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• Scheme of transfer RNA (tRNA) charged with an amino acid

  OpenStax (Rice University)

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• Scientific image

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• Human Oxy-Hemoglobin Protein

  PDB code 2DN1 1.25 a resolution crystal structures of human haemoglobin in the oxy, deoxy and carbonmonoxy forms. Park, S.-Y., Yokoyama, T., Shibayama, N., Shiro, Y., Tame, J.R. (2006) J Mol Biol 360: 690-701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.036 Image created using JSmol (Javascript)

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• PDB 4pep EBI

  Jawahar Swaminathan and MSD staff at the European Bioinformatics Institute

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• Woven and lamellar bone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

  Nazir M. Khan, Kari B. Clifton, Joseph Lorenzo, Marc F. Hansen and Hicham Drissi

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• Scientific figure · source page 5

  Radakovic et al., PNAS

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• Scientific image

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• Scientific figure · source page 10

  Singh, Powner and colleagues, Nature

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• Scientific figure · source page 4

  Reusswig, Balasubramanian, Richert (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024)

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• Marshall Nirenberg performing experiment

  MacVicar, N. - National Institutes of Health

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• Scientific image

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• Murchison meteorite

  Art Bromage

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• Thermus aquaticus

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• False Parasol mushroom in Kings Forest, Suffolk

  Sophie Curtis

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• Close-up of Emerging Fern Frond in Spring

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• Ardea herodias -Illinois, USA -flying-8

  PhotoBobil

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• Tropical Fish Swimming Underwater (46256605951)

  Jernej Furman from Maribor, Slovenia

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• viewport screenshot

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• viewport screenshot

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• Difference DNA RNA-EN

  File:Difference DNA RNA-DE.svg : Sponk / *translation: Sponk

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• Components of DNA replication in Archaea compared to Bacteria and Eukaryotes (Figure 1)

  Raymann K, Brochier-Armanet C, Gribaldo S

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• graphic file with name fx1.jpg

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• Scientific figure · source page 3

  Iwabe et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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• Scientific figure · source page 5

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Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

1. https://pdb101.rcsb.org/global-health/antimicrobial-resistance/drugs/antibiotics/protein-synthesis/ribosome/ribosome ↗
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26829/ ↗
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5492144/ ↗
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↗
5. https://astrobiology.com/2026/07/23/tryptophan-became-part-of-the-universal-genetic-code-post-luca/ ↗
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6360/ ↗
7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12985370/ ↗
8. https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/121 ↗
9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2783306/ ↗
10. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2009/summary/ ↗
11. https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4V5D ↗
12. https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4V6F ↗
13. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41570-024-00656-5 ↗
14. https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/records/5y24g-jaj84 ↗
15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11514466/ ↗
16. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202410317 ↗
17. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag404 ↗
18. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09388-y ↗
19. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2410311121 ↗
20. https://websites.umich.edu/~zhanglab/clubPaper/01_31_2025.pdf ↗
21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41555552/ ↗
22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42308552/ ↗
23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.071 ↗
24. https://www.biorxiv.org/ ↗
25. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264725002813 ↗

Music

• Meditation From The Star Orion
  OctahedronMusic · Envato Elements