how the Indus Valley cities worked, traded and slowly emptied

Sources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.

• Harappan carnelian beads from Ur

  Zunkir

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Raw lapis lazuli from Afghanistan

  Parent Géry

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Gold and carnelian necklace from the royal cemetery of Ur

  Vassil

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Whole-necklace panel cropped from the composite; resized and reframed for video.

• Indus weight excavated at Susa, Louvre Sb 17774

  ALFGRN

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Burial mounds in Bahrain, 1918

  Edwin Aubrey Storrs-Fox

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Unicorn seal mould

  Ismoon

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video; the inscription row is also cropped into sign comparisons.

• Mohenjo-daro and the Great Bath

  Saqib Qayyum

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video; a detail of the Great Bath is cropped from the photograph.

• Indus weight from Tello, Louvre AO 12083

  Zunkir

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Water reservoir at Dholavira

  Bhajish Bharathan

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Chlorite-steatite cup from the Jiroft civilization

  Dorieo

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Bathing platforms at Harappa

  Muhammad Bin Naveed

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Bronze figure known as the Dancing Girl

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Head, shoulders, necklace and bangled arm shown in separate crops; resized and reframed for video.

• Etched carnelian beads from Ur

  H. R. Hall; Leonard Woolley; Leon Legrain

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Dholavira north-gate inscription, SVG tracing

  Swastik Harish; original Harappan inlay work

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Rasterized and resized; a scale indicator is added in the animation.

• Dholavira archaeological site

  Lalit Gajjer

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Well and bathing platforms at Harappa

  Obed Suhail

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro

  Soban

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan seals

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Indus seal found at Kish, published in 1931

  Stephen Herbert Langdon

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Reservoirs and canals at Dholavira

  Bhajish Bharathan

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Water canal at the Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro

  Quratulain

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, archival photograph

  Wellcome Library, London

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Credit: Wellcome Library, London.

• Harappan balance and weights

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan inscribed seal

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan necklace

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan shell bracelets

  Gary Todd

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Unicorn stamp seal and modern impression

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed; the impression is cropped for an arrow overlay and the object montage.

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Dodge Fund, 1949.

• Bowl with painted decoration

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, by exchange, 1957.

• Jar with Four Ibex

  The Cleveland Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund.

• Stamp seal with hunters and goats

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Martin and Sarah Cherkasky, 1987.

• Seal with Unicorn and Inscription, 1973.161

  The Cleveland Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed; the inscription row is also cropped into sign comparisons.

  The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund.

• Seal with Unicorn and Inscription, 1964.104

  The Cleveland Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed; the inscription row is cropped into sign comparisons and the seal appears in an animated montage.

  The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund.

• Seal with Two-Horned Bull and Inscription, 1973.160

  The Cleveland Museum of Art

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  Resized and reframed; the inscription row is cropped into sign comparisons and animated ticks are added in a separate view.

  The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund.

• Kalibangan cylinder seal

  Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India

  View original source ↗Source licence: Government Open Data License – India (GODL-India)

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Source: Archaeological Survey of India, Indian Archaeology 1963–1964, Plate 107.

• Brick well at Mohenjo-daro

  Najamuddin Shahwani

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Kalibangan Harappan seals

  Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India

  View original source ↗Source licence: Government Open Data License – India (GODL-India)

  Printed caption cropped out; resized and reframed for video.

  Source: Archaeological Survey of India, Indian Archaeology 1962–1963.

• Dholavira east gate

  Nizil Shah

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mound AB central area at Harappa

  Haseeb Ur Rehman malik

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mohenjo-daro, view of the stupa mound

  Saqib Qayyum

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Terracotta animal figurines from Harappan sites

  Aadrit28

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Display placard cropped out; resized and reframed for video.

• Well outside the city at Mohenjo-daro

  Quratulain

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mohenjo-daro, 2010

  Comrogues

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Terracotta bird figurines from the Indus civilization

  Aadrit28

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mounds at Harappa

  Amir Islam

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Beehive tombs at Bat and Al Ayn, Oman

  Esra1993

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mehrgarh

  mhtoori

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Margush panorama

  Allan Mustard

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Indus script

  ALFGRN

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Indus inscription from Khirsara

  Anil K. Pokharia; Rajesh Agnihotri; Shalini Sharma; Sunil Bajpai; Jitendra Nath; R. N. Kumaran; Bipin Chandra Negi

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  © 2017 Pokharia et al. From PLOS ONE, “Altered cropping pattern and cultural continuation with declined prosperity following abrupt and extreme arid event at ~4,200 yrs BP.”

• Harappan brick from Chanhu-daro, Royal Ontario Museum

  Daderot

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed; the brick is also isolated as a photographic cutout in a proportion diagram.

• Priest-King bust, museum cast

  Umair Shaikh Shaikh

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Head-and-shoulders and whole-bust details cropped; resized and reframed for video.

• Ghaggar River

  Anup Sadi

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Date stamp cropped out; resized and reframed for video.

• Ghaggar riverbed near Naurangdesar

  Shemaroo aka Sivender Rawla Mandi

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Bridge railing and power lines cropped out; resized and reframed for video.

• Making carnelian beads in Sehwan, 1933

  Ernest J. Mackay

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Published in Chanhudaro, American Oriental Society, 1943.

• Cemetery H pottery

  Avantiputra7

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Indus carnelian beads excavated at Susa

  ALFGRN

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Cubical weights from Mohenjo-daro, Ashmolean Museum

  Zunkir

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed; isolated and animated in the object montage.

• Harappan cubical weights, British Museum

  Zunkir

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Gulf of Kutch and Rann of Kutch from the International Space Station

  NASA/JSC

  View original source ↗

  Resized and reframed for video.

  NASA image iss071e041652, 25 April 2024.

• Shu-ilishu cylinder seal, Louvre AO 22310

  Louis de Clercq

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Resized and reframed for video.

  From Collection de Clercq, published 1888.

• Meluhha-ki inscription on a cylinder seal

  Louis de Clercq

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Detail extracted from a publication image; resized and reframed, with an animated ring added.

• Etched carnelian bead necklace, Ashmolean Museum

  Anthony Huan

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Ashmolean Museum AN1925.261.

• Indus unicorn seal and carnelian beads found at Kish

  Ernest John Henry Mackay

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Seal detail cropped from Plate X; resized and reframed for video.

  From “Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India” (1925), Plate X.

• Mohenjo-daro Priest-King

  Mamoon Mengal

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 1.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Source: world66.com.

• Mould of the horned-figure seal

  Ismoon

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Decorated Harappan female figurine

  Suruchika chawla

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Head-to-waist detail cropped; resized and reframed for video.

• Die from Mohenjo-daro

  Zunkir

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan small figures

  Trish Mayo

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Mohenjo-daro excavations, 1924

  Unknown author

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Linear B tablet from Thebes

  Zde

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Tablet detail cropped; resized and reframed for video.

• Mineralized cotton fibres from a Mehrgarh copper bead, Figure 7

  Christophe Moulherat; Margareta Tengberg; Jérôme-F. Haquet; Benoît Mille

  View original source ↗

  Micrograph panel cropped from Figure 7; caption removed; resized for video.

  Moulherat et al. (2002), Journal of Archaeological Science 29, Figure 7. Photo © C2RMF, C. Moulherat.

• Seal M-1186 from Mohenjo-daro

  Harappa.com (J. M. Kenoyer)

  View original source ↗

  Resized and reframed for video.

  Photo: Harappa.com (J. M. Kenoyer), seal M-1186 from Mohenjo-daro, National Museum, New Delhi.

• Drain at Lothal

  Raveesh Vyas

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Lane and street drain at Mohenjo-daro

  Smn121

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

  Site signboard cropped out; resized and reframed for video.

• Excavated streets and house walls at Mohenjo-daro, 1969

  Alain Mackenzie / UNESCO

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

  Photograph area cropped from the source sheet; resized and reframed for video.

  Provided by UNESCO through its cooperation with Wikimedia Sverige.

• Queen Puabi's gold headdress and jewellery

  Mary Harrsch

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Victory stele of Naram-Sin, Louvre Museum

  Shonagon

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Resized and reframed for video.

• Behistun inscription and relief of Darius I

  Unknown photographer

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Detail derived from “Bisotun Iran Relief Achamenid Period.JPG”; resized and reframed for video.

• Harappan brick photograph in the brick-proportion diagram

  Daderot

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0

  Brick isolated from the photograph with a mask, resized and placed beside original proportion drawings.

• Dholavira plan, redrawn for the three-town diagram

  Yodaspirine; adaptation by AgentHouse

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

  Plan geometry traced and simplified; zones recoloured; labels replaced with upper town, middle town and lower town.

• Photographic comparison of four Indus sign rows

  The Cleveland Museum of Art; Ismoon; arrangement by AgentHouse

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0 (Cleveland Museum of Art images); CC0 (Ismoon photograph)

  Inscription rows cropped from four photographs, resized and arranged on a new background.

  Cleveland Museum of Art seals 1973.161, 1973.160 and 1964.104, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund: https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.161 ; https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.160 ; https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.104 . Fourth row: Ismoon, “Unicorn. Mold of Seal, Indus valley civilization”: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unicorn._Mold_of_Seal,_Indus_valley_civilization.jpg .

• Priest-King bust photograph in a hand-scale comparison

  Umair Shaikh Shaikh; arrangement by AgentHouse

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Bust cropped and isolated from the photograph; resized and placed beside an original hand silhouette and scale indicator.

• Indus sign-row comparison with highlighted signs

  The Cleveland Museum of Art; Ismoon; arrangement and highlights by AgentHouse

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0 (Cleveland Museum of Art images); CC0 (Ismoon photograph)

  Inscription rows cropped from four photographs, resized and arranged on a new background; rings and an animated glow added.

  Cleveland Museum of Art seals 1973.161, 1973.160 and 1964.104, Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund: https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.161 ; https://clevelandart.org/art/1973.160 ; https://clevelandart.org/art/1964.104 . Fourth row: Ismoon, “Unicorn. Mold of Seal, Indus valley civilization”: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unicorn._Mold_of_Seal,_Indus_valley_civilization.jpg .

• A man riding a bullock cart

  vinod kashyap / Pexels

  View original source ↗Source licence: Pexels License

  Excerpt trimmed and reframed for video.

• Harappan settlement coordinates by phase

  Hiren Solanki; Vikrant Jain; Kaustubh Thirumalai; Balaji Rajagopalan; Vimal Mishra

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Coordinates selected by phase and mapped; truncated coordinates excluded; distributions used to draw settlement dots and the Indus-world glow.

  FigureData for “River drought forcing of the Harappan metamorphosis” (2025), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17231686.

• Major Harappan city coordinates

  Hiren Solanki; Vikrant Jain; Kaustubh Thirumalai; Balaji Rajagopalan; Vimal Mishra

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Four city coordinates selected and plotted in original animated maps.

  FigureData for “River drought forcing of the Harappan metamorphosis” (2025), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17231686.

• Modelled rainfall SPI data for the Harappan drought timeline

  Hiren Solanki; Vikrant Jain; Kaustubh Thirumalai; Balaji Rajagopalan; Vimal Mishra

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Figure 1 rainfall SPI series selected, smoothed, converted to a BCE axis and plotted as the background curve of an original drought animation.

  FigureData for “River drought forcing of the Harappan metamorphosis” (2025), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17231686.

• Residential disparity in DK-G South, Mohenjo-daro: Table 1 data

  Adam S. Green; Iqtedar Alam; Cameron Petrie

  View original source ↗Source licence: Article: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

  Five published Gini values plotted in an original bar chart; no article figure or table image reproduced.

  From “Inequality declined in the Bronze Age city of Mohenjo-daro,” Antiquity (2026). © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd.

• Natural Earth 1:10m rivers and lake centerlines

  Natural Earth

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected river segments projected, styled and animated in regional maps; lake-centerline segments drawn as river lines.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• Natural Earth 1:50m land polygons

  Natural Earth

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Land polygons projected, styled and animated in regional maps, preserving polygon holes.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• Earth daymap texture used for map relief shading

  Solar System Scope

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Texture luminance sampled, softened and recoloured to provide relief shading in flat regional maps.

  Textures by Solar System Scope (solarsystemscope.com), CC BY 4.0.

Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

1. 22 June 2026 release, ID 290372 ↗
2. Dholavira ↗
3. DOI: 10.1007/s10814-020-09147-9 ↗
4. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2026.10359 ↗
5. *A peaceful realm?* ↗
6. *Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilization* ↗
7. object record ↗
8. excavation-history note ↗
9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1170391 ↗
10. 2004 ↗
11. arXiv:2608.02999 ↗
12. ASI photo on Harappa ↗
13. DOI: 10.1007/s10963-017-9101-z ↗
14. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72963-y ↗
15. DOI: 10.1006/jasc.2001.0779 ↗
16. ETCSL **1.1.3 / tr113** ↗
17. ETCSL **1.1.1 / tr111** ↗
18. P461938 ↗
19. ETCSL 2.1.7 ↗
20. Shu-ilishu object record ↗
21. Nippur bead ↗
22. PDF ↗
23. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2025.23 ↗
24. DOI: 10.1484/J.JUA.5.135661 ↗
25. multi-analytical Central Asian metals study ↗
26. settlement contemporaneity paper ↗
27. *River drought forcing of the Harappan metamorphosis* ↗
28. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9 ↗
29. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112743109 ↗
30. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50886-w ↗
31. Penn's complete article ↗
32. Mehrgarh reassessment ↗
33. *Dating the Neolithic of South India: new radiometric evidence for key economic, social and ritual transformations* ↗
34. rice domestication study ↗
35. Bhando Qubo pearl millet dates ↗
36. *An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers* ↗
37. https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm),434–445 ↗
38. 1 June 2026 National Geographic report ↗
39. Solanki Zenodo repository ↗
40. PDF ↗
41. 1998–2000 chronology and discoveries ↗
42. ICOMOS-hosted PDF ↗
43. Moenjodaro ↗
44. Ganweriwala project account ↗
45. The Friday Times, 13 May 2026 ↗
46. name discussion ↗
47. *Master of Animals* ↗
48. PDF ↗
49. author PDF ↗
50. n-gram paper ↗
51. 2010 Computational Linguistics response ↗
52. HTML ↗
53. review of Fuls's sign catalogue ↗
54. synthetic-baseline scorecard ↗
55. conference circular ↗
56. 5 January 2025 announcement ↗
57. Zenodo record *Reading the Indus Valley Script* ↗
58. Harappa discussion ↗
59. author-hosted PDF ↗
60. *Stone Beads and Pendant Making Techniques* ↗
61. wheeled-vehicle study ↗
62. *Origin of the Harappan Ernestites* ↗
63. Asmath Khaliq comment ↗
64. author reply ↗
65. collection entry ↗
66. University of Dundee publication record ↗
67. accepted manuscript ↗
68. Great Bath specialist description ↗
69. PDF ↗
70. PDF ↗
71. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.595 ↗
72. author-upload transcription ↗
73. Saar ↗
74. sealing ↗
75. review/excerpts ↗
76. DOI: 10.2307/3631775 ↗
77. Dilmun burial property ↗
78. ORACC Sargon 11 / RIME 2.01.01.11 ↗
79. CDLI P461938, RIME 2.01.01.12 ↗
80. comparative geochemical study ↗
81. https://doi.org/10.2307/3631775): ↗
82. *Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India* ↗
83. Shahr-i Sokhta ↗
84. Sarazm ↗
85. publisher abstract ↗
86. DOI: 10.2143/IA.58.0.3292992 ↗
87. Harappa Shortugai item ↗
88. Vestiabad account ↗
89. PLOS ONE e0309963 ↗
90. PMC text ↗
91. *The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia* ↗
92. 2019 corrigendum ↗
93. MBE 43(11), msag264 ↗
94. Cleveland 1973.161 ↗
95. Cleveland 1964.104 ↗
96. file ↗
97. Cleveland 1973.160 ↗
98. file ↗
99. Met 49.40.1 ↗
100. Met 49.40.2 ↗
101. Met 49.40.3 ↗
102. Met 49.40.4 ↗
103. Commons file ↗
104. Gary Todd seals ↗
105. Shell Bracelets ↗
106. Bronze Dancing Girl ↗
107. King Priest, Pakistan ↗
108. Seal mould ↗
109. Ur etched beads ↗
110. Kish seal plate ↗
111. Tello weight ↗
112. Susa weight ↗
113. Gallica volume ↗
114. Dilmun seal ↗
115. Dholavira SVG ↗
116. Great bath view Mohenjodaro ↗
117. Great Bath archival view ↗
118. Harappa well and platforms ↗
119. Dholavira reservoir ↗
120. Hili Grand Tomb 1 ↗
121. A'ali Burial Mounds ↗
122. Bahrain moved mound ↗
123. UNESCO ↗
124. NASA MODIS 24 August 2022 gallery ↗
125. NASA Earth Observatory flood article ↗
126. Dholavira beach/flamingos ↗
127. coastal Dholavira/Road to Heaven view ↗
128. boat ride on the Indus, Sindh ↗
129. Pexels licence ↗
130. Indus–Zanskar confluence ↗
131. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harappan_seals_(Indus_Valley).jpg ↗
132. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harappan_(Indus_Valley)_Balance_%26_Weights.jpg ↗
133. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harappan_(Indus_Valley)_Shell_Bracelets.jpg ↗

Music

• Original score
  AgentHouse · Project-made score (From Cosmos to Civilization score catalog v4 with bespoke opening and closing)
  Impulse responses: Detmold University of Music SRIR database, CC BY 4.0.