how the first people reached Australia and the Americas during the Ice Age

Sources and credits for imagery used in this film, including material incorporated into explanatory animations.

• White Sands fossil footprints

  U.S. Geological Survey

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

• Thylacoleo skeleton, Naracoorte Caves

  Karora

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

• Zygomaturus trilobus

  Paleocolour

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

• Lake Mungo panorama

  Davidspicerj

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Inside Liang Bua cave, Flores

  Felix Dance

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Columbian mammoth discovered with Clovis points

  James St. John

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 2.0

• Salmon River at Cooper's Ferry, Idaho

  Roger Peterson, U.S. Forest Service Northern Region

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

• Leang Karampuang rock art, Figure 3

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Selected photograph and tracing panels cropped from the published figure. The authors enhanced the photographic panorama using DStretch_ac_lds_cb.

  © The Author(s) 2024. Nature 631, 814–818.

• Liang Metanduno hand stencils, Figure 2

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

  Photograph and digital tracing shown as separate panel crops.

  © The Author(s) 2026, modified publication 2026.

• Diprotodon skeleton

  Ghedoghedo

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Burnt Genyornis eggshell, Figure 2

  G. H. Miller et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photographic panels a and b cropped from the published figure.

  Nature Communications 7, 10496 (2016).

• Diprotodon, Natural History Museum, London

  John Cummings

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

• Cooper's Ferry projectile points, Figure 4

  L. G. Davis et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Figure cropped from the published article.

  Science Advances 8, eade1248 (2022).

• Sahul megafauna sites, Figure 1

  S. A. Hocknull et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Figure cropped from the published article. The authors composited the basemap and altered it to delineate Lake Carpentaria.

  © Crown 2020. Nature Communications 11, 2250. Basemap sources credited by the authors: NOAA NGDC shoreline data, GNU Lesser General Public License v3 or later, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/; Geoscience Australia drainage basin data (2013), CC BY 4.0, https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/f55ec9b3-ab74-4056-93a2-b4b8aa65ead1; T. Whiteway / Geoscience Australia, Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid (June 2009), CC BY 4.0, https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/australian-bathymetry-and-topography-grid-june-2009.

• NADI-1 North American ice margins, Figure 5

  April S. Dalton et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Ice-sheet outlines traced, simplified and animated in original maps. Source arrows, lettering and legends omitted; schematic opening and retreat states added.

  © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Quaternary Science Reviews 321, 108345.

• White Sands dating stratigraphy, Figure 2

  J. S. Pigati et al.

  View original source ↗

  Panel A, the composite stratigraphy and dating results, cropped from the published figure.

  Copyright © 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Science 382, 73–75 (2023).

• Diprotodon and Genyornis skeletons

  David Jackmanson

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

• Mammoth panorama with bison

  Chris Light

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

• Walls of China, Mungo National Park

  Caroline Jones

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

• Crossing the Kuroshio

  Yousuke Kaifu et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-ND

  ©2025 Kaifu et al. CC-By-ND. University of Tokyo, “Ancient canoe replica tests Paleolithic migration theory,” 26 June 2025. Photograph of the 2019 experimental voyage.

• Building a canoe the old-fashioned way

  Yousuke Kaifu et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-ND

  ©2025 Kaifu et al. CC-BY-ND. University of Tokyo, “Ancient canoe replica tests Paleolithic migration theory,” 26 June 2025. Experimental canoe construction using replica tools.

• Lake Mungo from Landsat 9

  Wanmei Liang, NASA Earth Observatory; U.S. Geological Survey

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  NASA Earth Observatory image by Wanmei Liang, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey.

• MISR Sights the Bering Strait

  NASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR Team

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  NASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR Team.

• Mastodon skeleton, Museum of the Earth

  Jayu

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

  Paleontological Research Institution, Museum of the Earth, Ithaca, New York.

• Megalonyx skeleton, Natural History Museum of Utah

  Daderot

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

• Liang Metanduno hand-stencil photograph, Figure 2a

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

  Photographic panel cropped from the published figure.

  © The Author(s) 2026, modified publication 2026.

• Burnt Genyornis eggshell fragments, Figure 2a

  G. H. Miller et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photographic panel cropped from the published figure.

  Nature Communications 7, 10496 (2016).

• Blackened Genyornis eggshell fragment, Figure 2b

  G. H. Miller et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photographic panel cropped from the published figure.

  Nature Communications 7, 10496 (2016).

• Leang Karampuang painted-scene tracing, Figure 3c

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Tracing panel cropped from the published figure.

  © The Author(s) 2024. Nature 631, 814–818.

• Leang Karampuang rock-art panorama, Figure 3a

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  Photographic panel cropped from the published figure. The authors enhanced the panorama using DStretch_ac_lds_cb.

  © The Author(s) 2024. Nature 631, 814–818.

• Liang Metanduno hand-stencil tracing, Figure 2b

  A. A. Oktaviana et al.

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

  Digital tracing panel cropped from the published figure.

  © The Author(s) 2026, modified publication 2026.

• White Sands composite stratigraphy, Figure 2A

  J. S. Pigati et al.

  View original source ↗

  Stratigraphy panel cropped from the published figure.

  Copyright © 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Science 382, 73–75 (2023).

• Human fossilized footprints, White Sands National Park

  National Park Service, White Sands National Park

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected excerpts.

  Courtesy of the National Park Service.

• Columbian mammoth footprints, White Sands National Park

  National Park Service, White Sands National Park

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected excerpts.

  Courtesy of the National Park Service.

• Footprint trench research, White Sands National Park

  National Park Service, White Sands National Park

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Selected excerpt.

  Courtesy of the National Park Service.

• Clovis Lanceolate

  Steve Davis; RLA Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC0 1.0

  3D model rendered as a turntable animation by AgentHouse.

• McLean Clovis Projectile Point

  Museum of Texas Tech University

  View original source ↗Source licence: CC BY 4.0

  3D model rendered as a turntable animation by AgentHouse.

• Natural Earth land polygons, 1:50 million

  Tom Patterson, Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso and Natural Earth contributors

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain

  Land polygons projected, styled and animated in original maps.

  Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.

• ETOPO 2022 Global Relief Model: Sunda–Sahul subset

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

  View original source ↗Source licence: Free use and redistribution

  Regional subset sampled at 2 arc-minute spacing via NOAA CoastWatch ERDDAP; elevation thresholds used to draw exposed shelves and land at an illustrative sea level.

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022), ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model. doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74.

• GEBCO 2026 Grid: Wallacea subset

  GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group 2026

  View original source ↗Source licence: Public domain; source acknowledgement required

  Wallacea subset used to derive exposed land, straits and crossing gaps at an illustrative sea level; combined with ETOPO relief in original animations.

  GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group 2026 (2026). The GEBCO_2026 Grid - a continuous terrain model for oceans and land at 15 arc-second intervals. doi:10.5285/4f68d5c7-45eb-f999-e063-7086abc036fa. The GEBCO Grid should NOT be used for navigation or for any other purpose involving safety at sea.

• ETOPO 2022 Global Relief Model: eastern Beringia subset

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

  View original source ↗Source licence: Free use and redistribution

  Regional subset sampled at 2 arc-minute spacing via NOAA CoastWatch ERDDAP, joined to the western subset at the antimeridian and thresholded to illustrate exposed and flooded shelves.

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022), ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model. doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74.

• ETOPO 2022 Global Relief Model: western Beringia subset

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

  View original source ↗Source licence: Free use and redistribution

  Regional subset sampled at 2 arc-minute spacing via NOAA CoastWatch ERDDAP, joined to the eastern subset at the antimeridian and thresholded to illustrate exposed and flooded shelves.

  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022), ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model. doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74.

Licensed stock footage used in this film, with each item’s creator and source page.

• Dense Stone Forests Of Rammang-Rammang Village In Maros Near Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ae

  BlackBoxGuild

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• Aerial view of karst mountains and lush valleys in Maros, Indonesia.

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• Aerial View of Large Caribou Herd Moving Across Field

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• Bison Herd Grazing in a Golden Prairie

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• Close up of bison moving through heavy winter snow in Yellowstone National Park.

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• Kepa Island Alor Indonesia Aerial View of the Kepa Island and Alor Island in Indonesia

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• The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) walking in Komodo island, Indonesia

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• Guanacos Grazing in Patagonian Landscape from Above

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• Tropical turquoise sea and lush green trees. Alor Island, Indonesia

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• Grassy Terrain And Wetlands At Kakadu National Park In Northern Territory, Australia. - Aerial Drone

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• Sand Dunes at Mungo National Park, New South Wales, Australia Aerial Drone 4K

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• Deep Blue Ocean Waves with Whitecaps in Bright Daylight

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• Aerial Shot of Braided River Channels in a Vast Arctic Tundra

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• Cinematic Drone Glide Over Tundra Lakes and Marshland Chukotka Russia

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• Brooks Range tundra forests with multibranch streams formed from melted ice and snow in Alaska durin

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• Breathtaking And Aerial View Of Lake Baikal

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• Tropical Beach Waves at Golden Sunrise

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• Scenic drone flight over a shallow lagoon in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

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• Aerial View of a Braided Glacial River

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• Soaring over the rainforest and through the fog one early morning in Tasmania Australia

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• Drone flyover dense tropical rainforest of New Guinea.

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• Common Wombat Feeding On Grassy Hills Of Maria Island In Tasmania, Australia. wide shot

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• Bird eye view of a patch of kelp forest in the Pacific Northwest in Canada.

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• Aerial Drone View of a Massive Arctic Glacier Terminus and Coastline

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• Ice calving from the glacier in Alaska due to climate change. Ice melting in Alaska, Margerie glacie

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• A wild emu standing in a wild flower field in spring time, outback Australia.

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• Kangaroo Grazing with Baby Joey in Pouch

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• Aerial drone perspective over White Sands National Park in New Mexico

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• Green Foothills of the Spanish Peaks, Within the Madison Mountain Range, Near

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• bright white gypsum dune fields at White Sands National Park, New Mexico, displaying rolling

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• British Columbia Circa-2018. Flying Over Inlets And Islands Along The British Columbia Coast. Sho...

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• Isolated tropical Northern Australia coast in Kimberley region, Aerial tracking forward

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• Mud Sandflats in Derby, Kimberley, Western Australia 4K Aerial Drone

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• Western Australia Outback Looma Camballin Kimberley landscape red rocks drone aerial aboriginal land

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• Boab tree Western Australia Outback Kimberley landscape drone aerial Looma Camballin aboriginal land

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• Flight Over the Sea Surface Towards the Volcano Alor Island Indonesia

  duckdivetales

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• Aerial view of a volcanic island with a crater lake, Indonesia.

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• Aerial View of River Flowing Through Dense Forest

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• Ocean Waves Rolling Gently to Shoreline

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• Cruising along the Adelaide River in Australia's Northern Territory, passing dense mangrove forests

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• View from the mountains of Papua New Guinea.

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• Dramatic Aerial View of Rocky Coastline and Ocean Waves

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• Wide Aerial Orbit of Lush Tropical Coastline and Blue Sea in Flores Indonesia

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• Aerial view of vast tundra with winding river

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• Drone Shot of Rugged Tundra Landscape Under Cloudy Sky

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• Tiger Walking Through Lush Green Forest

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• Majestic One-Horned Rhinoceros Grazing Peacefully in Forest

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• Orangutan Climbing in Tropical Rainforest Canopy

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• Tuna Swimming in Deep Blue Open Ocean

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• Aerial view of Australian outback dry desert landscape

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• Florida Alexander Springs Underwater Wildlife Fresh Water Vegetation and Wild Fish Beautiful

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• Pine Tree Blowing Pollen in Springtime Breeze

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• Mountain Lakes Of Tierra del Fuego National Park In Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Timelapse

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• Wolf Trotting Through a Snowy Winter Forest

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• Close Up of Sparkling Sand and Seashells

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• Dramatic Desert Landscape with Distant Rainfall Cloud

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Research references

Selected sources from the episode’s research and scientific figures.

1. Bird et al. 2019 ↗
2. NOAA study 19982 ↗
3. Kealy, Louys & O'Connor 2018 ↗
4. Bradshaw et al. 2019 ↗
5. Kaifu 2025 ↗
6. O'Connor, Ono & Clarkson 2011 ↗
7. Kerby et al. 2023 ↗
8. Summerhayes et al. 2016 ↗
9. Clarkson et al. 2017 ↗
10. Gandini et al. 2025 ↗
11. Iasi et al. 2024 ↗
12. Sümer et al., online December 2024 / Nature volume 2025 ↗
13. Oktaviana 2026 ↗
14. Oktaviana 2024 ↗
15. Sutikna et al. 2018 ↗
16. Gagan et al. 2025 ↗
17. Veatch et al. 2026 ↗
18. Grün & Stringer 2023 ↗
19. Hocknull et al. 2020 ↗
20. Wroe et al. 2013 ↗
21. Demarchi et al. 2022 ↗
22. Saltré et al. 2019 ↗
23. Archer and colleagues 2025 ↗
24. Bradshaw et al. 2023 ↗
25. Adeleye et al. 2024 ↗
26. Bowler et al. 2003 ↗
27. KellyFCA264 ↗
28. Farmer et al. 2023 ↗
29. Springer 2026 ↗
30. Dillehay et al., online **19 August 2026**, PaleoAmerica ↗
31. Potter, Hay, Singh & Raff 2026 ↗
32. Meltzer 2020 ↗
33. Metcalf et al. 2016 ↗
34. Massone and colleagues 2026, Tres Arroyos 1 ↗
35. Pico 2020 ↗
36. Tides and the migration to Sahul ↗
37. ANU repository PDF ↗
38. institutional abstract ↗
39. Chang 2025 ↗
40. National Museum of Nature and Science page ↗
41. University of Tokyo dugout press images ↗
42. Bednarik 2000, Anthropos 95:37–47 ↗
43. project account ↗
44. Leavesley & Chappell ↗
45. ICOMOS Pacific thematic study ↗
46. Allen & O'Connell 2025 ↗
47. Maloney 2018 ↗
48. Balme et al. 2018, Table 1 ↗
49. Summerhayes et al. 2010 ↗
50. Veth et al. 2017 ↗
51. O'Connell et al. 2018 ↗
52. Williams and colleagues' termite/site-formation study, author manuscript ↗
53. Veth, Matisoo-Smith, Brumm, Groucutt & Scerri 2025 ↗
54. Otago ↗
55. Malta ↗
56. Freidline et al. 2023 ↗
57. Westaway et al. 2017 ↗
58. Louys et al. 2022 ↗
59. Albers et al. 2024 ↗
60. Hoffmann et al. 2018 ↗
61. White et al. 2020 / online 2019 ↗
62. Kaifu et al. 2024 ↗
63. Sutikna et al. 2016 ↗
64. team's UCL account ↗
65. Rizal et al. 2020 ↗
66. Hakim et al. 2025 ↗
67. Jacobs et al. 2019 ↗
68. Larena et al. 2021 ↗
69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7): ↗
70. WA government / museum account ↗
71. McInerney, Blokland & Worthy 2024 ↗
72. Australian Museum ↗
73. Queensland Museum guide ↗
74. Flinders author PDF ↗
75. publisher release ↗
76. DOI: 10.1126/science.1060264 ↗
77. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10511 ↗
78. Rule et al. 2012 ↗
79. van der Kaars et al. 2017 ↗
80. Miller 2016 ↗
81. UNSW release ↗
82. Thylacoleo skeleton in Naracoorte Caves.jpg ↗
83. Florin et al. 2020 ↗
84. Hiscock et al. 2016 ↗
85. Hamm et al. 2016 ↗
86. Bradshaw et al. 2021 ↗
87. Crabtree et al. 2021 ↗
88. Malaspinas et al. 2016 ↗
89. A 2026 comparative cremation paper ↗
90. National Museum of Australia ↗
91. NSW DCCEEW annual report 2024–25, volume 1, p. 39 ↗
92. NITV's dated report ↗
93. ABC's earlier report ↗
94. Norman et al., online 2023 / QSR 2024 ↗
95. Mungo Landsat image ↗
96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14723-0): ↗
97. Pitulko et al. 2004 ↗
98. Sikora 2019 ↗
99. Dalton et al. 2023 ↗
100. Lesnek et al. 2018 ↗
101. Clark et al. 2022 ↗
102. Pedersen et al. 2016 ↗
103. Erlandson et al. 2007 ↗
104. USGS publication record ↗
105. Praetorius and colleagues' USGS account ↗
106. Dalton et al. 2020 ↗
107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223): ↗
108. USGS FS 2025-3046 ↗
109. Bennett et al. 2021 ↗
110. Pigati et al. 2023 ↗
111. Holliday et al. 2025 ↗
112. Rhode et al. 2024 ↗
113. Pigati et al. 2024 ↗
114. USGS reply record ↗
115. 2025 primary critique, “Seeds of controversy” ↗
116. Bennett & Reynolds 2026 ↗
117. Bennett et al. 2025 ↗
118. Waters, Stafford & Carlson 2020 ↗
119. Davis et al. 2019 ↗
120. Davis 2022 ↗
121. Nakatsuka et al. 2020 ↗
122. Surovell et al. 2026 ↗
123. University of Wyoming's source-team account ↗
124. lead author's publication list ↗
125. Raghavan et al. 2014 ↗
126. Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 ↗
127. Skoglund et al. 2015 ↗
128. NPS fossil-footprint media ↗
129. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0455): ↗
130. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9830): ↗
131. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2026.2644781): ↗
132. NPS Waco summary ↗
133. NPS Tule Springs ↗
134. Author PDF ↗
135. Grayson & Meltzer 2002 ↗
136. restatement ↗
137. 2015 reassessment ↗
138. author copy ↗
139. Surovell & Waguespack 2008 ↗
140. author PDF ↗
141. Ben A. Potter et al. 2026 ↗
142. Bustos et al. 2018 ↗
143. Graf et al. 2026 ↗
144. Halligan et al. 2016 ↗
145. Hocknull et al. 2009 ↗
146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00205-4 ↗
147. Hands in Pettakere Cave.jpg ↗
148. Diprotodon optatum display WA.jpg ↗
149. ULiège LB1 skull and jaw ↗
150. MGL LB1 cast photograph ↗
151. footprints media page ↗
152. Clovis point NHMU DSC07376 ↗
153. RLA Clovis Lanceolate ↗
154. McLean Clovis Projectile Point ↗
155. OCPC Columbian Mammoth Skull ↗
156. Smithsonian woolly mammoth STL ↗
157. Mal'ta mammoth engraving drawing ↗
158. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woolly-mammoth-150k_(Smithsonian_Institution).stl ↗
159. https://www.nps.gov/nps-audiovideo/audiovideo/ ↗

Music

• Original score
  AgentHouse · Project-made score (From Cosmos to Civilization score catalog v4 with bespoke opening and closing)
  Impulse responses: Detmold University of Music SRIR database, CC BY 4.0.